What Are the Causes of Vaginal Bleeding?

Vaginal bleeding is any bleeding that occurs from the vagina. It can range in color from light pink to dark red, and it can be heavy or light. Vaginal bleeding can be a normal part of the menstrual cycle, but it can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition.

Causes of Vaginal Bleeding

There are many different causes of vaginal bleeding, including:

Menstruation. Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the lining of the uterus. It usually occurs every 28 days, but it can vary from woman to woman. Menstrual bleeding typically lasts for 3 to 5 days.

Implantation bleeding. Implantation bleeding is light bleeding that occurs when the fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus. It usually occurs about 10 to 14 days after ovulation.

Mid-cycle bleeding. Mid-cycle bleeding is light bleeding that occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle. It is usually caused by a surge in estrogen levels.

Ovulation bleeding. Ovulation bleeding is light bleeding that occurs when an egg is released from the ovary. It usually occurs 14 days before the start of the next period.

Breakthrough bleeding. Breakthrough bleeding is light bleeding that occurs between periods. It is usually caused by a drop in estrogen levels.

Hormonal imbalances. Hormonal imbalances can cause vaginal bleeding at any time during the menstrual cycle.

Uterine fibroids. Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths in the uterus. They can cause heavy or irregular vaginal bleeding.

Endometriosis. Endometriosis is a condition in which the tissue that lines the uterus grows outside of the uterus. It can cause pain, heavy bleeding, and infertility.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It can cause vaginal bleeding, pain, and fever.

Cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is a cancer of the cervix. It can cause vaginal bleeding, pain, and discharge.

Uterine cancer. Uterine cancer is a cancer of the uterus. It can cause vaginal bleeding, pain, and weight loss.

Ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus. It can cause vaginal bleeding, pain, and nausea.

Trauma. Trauma to the vagina can cause vaginal bleeding. This can be caused by sexual activity, childbirth, or other injuries.

When to See a Doctor

It is important to see a doctor if you have any vaginal bleeding that is:

Heavy or prolonged

Occurs between periods

Is accompanied by pain, fever, or other symptoms

Is associated with an unusual odor or discharge

Your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask you about your medical history. They may also order tests, such as a blood test, urine test, or ultrasound, to determine the cause of the bleeding.

Treatment for Vaginal Bleeding

The treatment for vaginal bleeding will depend on the cause. If the bleeding is caused by a hormonal imbalance, your doctor may prescribe birth control pills or other hormonal medications. If the bleeding is caused by uterine fibroids, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the fibroids. If the bleeding is caused by endometriosis, your doctor may prescribe medications to reduce the pain and bleeding. If the bleeding is caused by cervical or uterine cancer, your doctor will recommend surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Preventing Vaginal Bleeding

There is no way to completely prevent vaginal bleeding, but there are some things you can do to reduce your risk, such as:

Practice safe sex to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which can lead to PID.

Get regular Pap tests and pelvic exams to screen for cervical and uterine cancer.

Avoid smoking, which can increase your risk of cervical cancer.

Maintain a healthy weight, as obesity can increase your risk of uterine cancer.

Talk to your doctor about birth control options to regulate your menstrual cycle and reduce your risk of breakthrough bleeding.

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