Several Results of Cervical Pathology Examination
The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Cervical pathology refers to any abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix. These changes can range from mild inflammation to precancerous lesions to cervical cancer.
Cervical pathology is often detected through a Pap test, which is a screening test that collects cells from the cervix to examine under a microscope. If the Pap test results are abnormal, the doctor may recommend further testing, such as a colposcopy or a biopsy.
Results of a Pap Test
The results of a Pap test are reported as follows:
Negative: No abnormal cells were found.
Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS): Cells that are slightly abnormal but cannot be definitively diagnosed as precancerous.
Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL): Mildly abnormal cells that are considered precancerous.
High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL): Severely abnormal cells that are considered precancerous.
Cervical cancer: Cancer cells were found.
Results of a Colposcopy
A colposcopy is a procedure in which the doctor uses a special microscope to examine the cervix and vagina. The doctor may also take a biopsy, which is the removal of a small sample of tissue from the cervix for examination under a microscope.
The results of a colposcopy can be:
Normal: No abnormal areas were found.
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): Precancerous lesions that are graded according to their severity:
CIN 1: Mildly abnormal cells
CIN 2: Moderately abnormal cells
CIN 3: Severely abnormal cells
Cervical cancer: Cancer cells were found.
Results of a Biopsy
A biopsy is the only definitive way to diagnose cervical cancer. The results of a biopsy can be:
Benign: No cancer cells were found.
Precancerous: Abnormal cells were found that are considered precancerous.
Cancer: Cancer cells were found.
Treatment for Cervical Pathology
The treatment for cervical pathology depends on the results of the biopsy. Treatment options may include:
Observation: For mild precancerous lesions, the doctor may recommend observation with regular Pap tests to monitor for any changes.
Cryotherapy: A procedure that uses cold temperatures to destroy precancerous cells.
Laser ablation: A procedure that uses a laser to vaporize precancerous cells.
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): A procedure that uses a wire loop with an electrical current to remove precancerous cells.
Cone biopsy: A procedure that removes a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix to treat precancerous lesions or early-stage cervical cancer.
Hysterectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the uterus, which is typically only recommended for women who have cervical cancer that has spread beyond the cervix.
Prevention of Cervical Pathology
The best way to prevent cervical pathology is through regular Pap tests. Pap tests can detect precancerous lesions early, when they can be treated easily and successfully. The Pap test is recommended for all women over the age of 21.
Other ways to prevent cervical pathology include:
Getting vaccinated against the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is the virus that causes most cases of cervical cancer
Practicing safe sex by using condoms
Quitting smoking
Maintaining a healthy weight
Eating a healthy diet
Exercising regularly
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